History Of Peach Trees, Prunus Persica
Peach trees, Prunus persica, are originally believed to have come from China to the Mideast through the trade routes that extend to Turkey and Iran (Persia). The peach seeds could be used to plant and grow trees throughout North Africa and Europe and finally were introduced to America in the mid-1500s. The first appearance of peaches in China may date back to 2000 BC.
Historians believe that peach trees were first introduced into the colonial settlements of the United States by the French explorers in 1562 at territories along the Gulf coastal region near Mobile, Alabama, then by the Spaniards who established Saint Augustine, Florida, in 1565 on the Atlantic seaboard. The peach trees were planted from European peach seeds to establish self-sustaining agriculture—fruit tree products to feed the colonists. American Indians spread the planting of the peach trees throughout vast territories by transporting the peach seed to other tribes that lived in the interior regions. This new fruit crop was fast growing, producing a delicious peach two or three years from planting. The trees were so productive and vigorous that sometimes, widespread impenetrable thickets became established from the peach seeds that fell to the ground from fruit unharvested. Settlers formed the illusion after 1600 that the peach trees were native to the United States since they were widely spread and thrived everywhere.
Captain John Smith wrote about peach trees growing in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1629. William Penn recorded in 1683 that dense, native thickets of wild peach trees were full of fruit just north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The first plant nursery to become established in the United States was the Prince Nursery of Flushing, New York, in 1774, which sold grafted cultivars of peach trees to customers. General George Washington visited this nursery and had previously purchased fruit from them. An extensive group of grafted peach trees was sent to Prince Nursery’s Thomas Jefferson fruit tree orchards. President Thomas Jefferson was instrumental in importing many new agricultural products from Europe through his influence as Minister to France before the American Revolution. Peach trees’ aggressiveness and monumental fruit production impressed him to establish a “living fence” that encircled his expansive gardens at Monticello, Virginia, in 1794. Jefferson found many other uses for peach trees, such as the brewing of brandy in 1782. Jefferson wrote to his granddaughter, Martha, in 1818 that an enslaved person “is busy drying peaches for you.” These sun-dried peaches were called “peach chips” and retained a good quality for eating, even after months of storage. Peaches were juiced and mixed with tea to form a delicious drink. In December 1795, Jefferson planted 1151 peach trees after experimenting with planting 1807, the “black plumb peach of Georgia” (Indian Blood Cling Peach). This naturalized peach wonder had been planted throughout the State of Georgia by the Indians and was a dark-red velvety color with tiger-like striping. This fragrant peach was highly desirable because of its rich coloring and taste. Also, this peach was a perfect size to peel and pickle into a Southern holiday treat. This aromatic peach was ideal for making into jams, preserves, cobblers, pies, cakes, and ice cream. Jefferson believed that this Indian cling blood peach was a cross between naturalized peach trees and a French cultivar peach, “Sanguine.”
William Bartram, the famous American botanist and explorer, wrote in his book, Travels 1773 several accounts of his observations of ancient peach and plum orchards growing in Georgia, South Carolina, and Alabama. Bartram visited the ruins of a French plantation in 1776 near Mobile, Alabama, and recorded, “I came presently to old fields, where I observed ruins of ancient habitations, there being an abundance of peach and fig trees loaded with fruit.”
Peach trees are grown primarily as fruit trees; however, President Thomas Jefferson showed great interest in the non-fruiting, flowering peach tree, who planted a double-flowered tree that spectacularly bloomed at his home in Virginia in 1805. Flowering peach trees rate high, and desirable new cultivars of ornamental peach trees are available for planting and flowering with colors of white, pink, red, and peppermint (a mixture of red and white flower petals). These flowering peach trees are sterile in fruit production and bloom early in the spring, loaded with large colorful clusters of single or double-flowered peach petals.
Peaches are less famous as a fresh fruit than a few years ago, primarily because hybridizers tailor most commercial peach cultivars (varieties) to grow and ship as a firm fruit. The firmness of these peaches is essential when a grower considers shipping the peach fruit long distances. Still, plant hybridizers have not given enough attention to saving the ancient qualities of aroma, juiciness, flavor, and seed separation from the pulp. Another problem damaging fresh peach sales is that the labor hired to pick the fruit from the tree is not adequately trained nor personally concerned in the ultimate ripening of the peach fruit into a juicy, soft, delicious peach. The peaches are picked too soon and firm to provide a fruit product compared to a backyard orchard, a tree-ripened delicacy our older citizens often experienced in their grandfather’s backyard garden.
Most of the peaches grown by commercial orchards today are fruits that are harvested while too firm with a seed that clings to the pulp called a “clingstone” peach. The best-flavored peaches ripen soft, and the seed easily separates from the edible portion, called “freestone” peaches.
Peach trees grown in the United States differ significantly from the aggressive, disease-resistant, tasty, aromatic fruits the early Americans grew. Over the centuries, the immune qualities of the peach trees to insects and diseases have been bred out by hybridizers. These qualities have been replaced by inferior genes that make buying an excellent, flavorful peach at the store challenging. The alternative to this problem is to buy tree-ripened soft fruit at a fruit stand, pick-your-own orchard, or grow your backyard garden peaches by concentrating on planting and growing old cultivars of the non-commercial home garden types.
Peach trees in America have steadily declined in vigor in the past 300 years, to the point that the life expectancy is only 15-20 years or less. Some fruit tree observers have explained this factor as due to an array of incremental factors, such as disease and insect weakening of the tree and leaves, nematodes, and improper soils and drainage; however, these problems pre-existed in the environment when peach trees were introduced into America. The likely explanation of peach tree decline is more probably connected to the weak gene immunity in peach tree hybridization focused toward commercial tree production that ends with an early, firm peach, clingstone, with shipping advantages to distant markets.
The peach tree grows into a beautiful canopy of dark-green rich foliage to a height of 6 to 10 feet. Most peach trees in the United States are adapted and grown successfully in over 30 states. The grafted semi-dwarf peach trees are self-pollinated, even before the flowers fully open, and the tree is cold hardy to negative 20 degrees Fahrenheit; however, the red to delicate pink flowers can be damaged by temperatures below 28 degrees Fahrenheit. Some orchardists like light frosts that will thin the bloom set, producing larger fruit. If extremely heavy flowering occurs, the excess flowers can be removed at 6-inch intervals or by a chemical thinning that results in a much more marketable crop of fruit.
A developing peach can grow in various sizes of individual fruits on the same tree that requires considerable grading before marketing. The peach is covered with a characteristic fuzz that some growers prefer to reduce or remove mechanically before sales. A nectarine is nothing more than a fuzzless peach, even though specific distinct cultivars of nectarines are offered. In his classic 12-volume book of botanical insight in 1921, Luther Burbank in Fruit Improvement believed that the peach had evolved from a nectarine-like ancestor with the fuzz developing as a shield of protection, unlike the fuzzless nectarine. He theorized that the fuzz shielded the fruit from sunshine, moisture, wind, insect, and disease damage. The nectarine, he felt, was repressed by evolutionary restraints because the nectarine lacked fuzz as protective armor. The cousin of the nectarine, the almond, was crossed by Burbank to create a nectarine fruit with an edible almond pit; thus, two crops from one hybridization, a fruit and an edible nut. Burbank also performed many interspecific crosses of peach with nectarine. The peach is quite fragile and subject to bruising if handled roughly.
Peach trees require a certain number of chilling hours to break dormancy properly and set a good crop of fruit. During a season, most States will experience 500 chill hours in the winter; however, in many states, like central and southern Florida, the trees will not fruit properly unless cultivars are planted to fulfill low chilling requirements. It is essential to plant and grow peach trees on well-drained soils. The fruit tastes better if trees are planted in the full sun so that the early morning light will dry the dew on the peach leaves and fruit. Peach trees should be planted 12-15 feet apart in rows and will benefit from applying lime and phosphate fertilizers around the ground beneath the branches. Weeds will be prevented in backyard orchards by heavily mulching, but otherwise, the weeds should be mowed or sprayed with herbicides. Several kinds of peach varieties are usually planted to extend the availability and ripening of the fruit on the trees. Many cultivars are recommended for plantings, such as the Belle of Georgia, Elberta, Hale Haven, Harvester, Indian Blood Cling, Red Haven, Reliance, Gala, May Gold, and Southern Pearl, Suwanee, Florida King, Florida Dawn, and many other low chill Florida fruiting cultivars.
Peaches contain antioxidants that are essential health considerations in maintaining healthy bodies. Many websites that recommend eating pits of peaches or apricots to prevent cancer should be urged to research the fact that the seeds contain a poison organic chemical, cyanogen, which produces fatal cyanide poisoning that has caused sudden death for many people, including Steve McQueen, a famous movie actor of the last century.
Peach fruit has been demonstrated to contain healthy portions of Vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, and Niacin. Peaches also contain the minerals Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, and Potassium.
Peach trees may be planted in various semi-dwarf sizes and ages for backyard fruit gardens, and occasionally, more giant trees will grow during uit the first year of planting. Still, small trees usually begin bearing in the third year.